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Kevin Ahern's BB 350 (Lipids & Membranes) 2014 - #12

786 views · Published 20 April 2014 · 52:38 · Indexed 21 September 2026

Channel: Kevin Ahern's YouTube Videos - Lectures and More · 2014 · Education

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Highlights Lipids/Membranes

1. Lipids are cellular compounds that have at least some part of them that is very hydrophobic. The category includes fatty acids, triacylglycerols, sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, steroids, and others.

2. Fatty acids are amphipathic compounds (part polar, part non-polar), consisting of a long non-polar carbon chain at one end and a polar carboxyl group at the other end.

3. Fatty acids can have all single bonds (saturated), one double bond (unsaturated) or more than one double bond (polyunsaturated). Double bonds of biological origin are almost all cis in nature. I didn't say this in class, but trans double bonds arise from hydrogenation of fats (typically in partially hydrogenated vegetable oil).

4. Fats (and oils) consist of glycerol esterified to three fatty acids. The resulting compound is very non-polar. Fats are the primary energy storage forms of animals. The different between a fat and an oil is simply that a fat is solid at room temperature, whereas an oil is liquid at room temperature. Oils will tend to have shorter fatty acids and/or less saturated fatty acids, since these features favor lowering of the melting point.

5. Enzymes that release fatty acids from fats are called lipases.

6. Fats/oils can have any combination of common saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in them.

7. Essential fatty acids are those that an organism cannot synthesize and must be in the diet.

8. Phosphoacylglycerols (glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerides) are important components of cellular membranes (part of the lipid bilayer). They differ from fats in having a phosphate replace one of the fatty acids on the end carbon of glycerol. Addition of only a phosphate creates phosphatidic acid. In fact, phosphatidic acid is a branch point in the synthesis of fats and glycerophospholipids.

9. When a compound is esterified to the phosphate it creates a phosphatidyl compound. Example compounds attached to the phosphate on phosphatidic acid are ethanolamine (creating phosphatidylethanolamine), choline (creating phosphatidylcholine), serine (creating phosphatidylserine), and others.

10. Sphingolipids are derived from sphingosine. Cerebrosides and gangliosides are sphingolipids that are common in the membranes of brain tissue. Sphingomyelin is a sphingolipid common in the membranes of nerve tissue. Cerebrosides are sphingolipids that have only a simple sugar (usually glucose) attached to them. Gangliosides are sphingolipids that have more complex sugars attached to them.

11. Steroids are compounds with ring structures that are made from cholesterol. Steroids include sex hormones (androgens, estrogens, etc.) and in animals are derived from cholesterol. Cholesterol is an important constituent of animal membranes, giving them structural integrity.

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