Look Who it Was Random video

William Johnson | What are Glasses?: Atomic Organization and the Price of Non-Conformity

2,310 views · Published 1 November 2016 · 1:08:40 · Indexed 21 October 2026

Channel: Michigan Engineering · 2016 · Science & Technology

Watch on YouTube

William Johnson | What are Glasses?: Atomic Organization and the Price of Non-Conformity
Sponsoring Department:  MSE
http://www.mse.engin.umich.edu/

As a simple liquid like molten gold is cooled below its melting point, its atoms undergo an abrupt crystallization transition, freezing into a regular periodic pattern with every atom in an identical local neighborhood. Suppose there are nonconforming atoms in the liquid – for example, silicon atoms dissolved in the gold— that prefer a different type of neighborhood. Too many non-conformists, and crystallization becomes frustrated. With crystallization avoided, the liquid still solidifies on cooling – it vitrifies. In the resulting glass, atoms are frozen in diverse and randomly varying neighborhoods. Due to inherent randomness, glasses differ from crystals in profound and often surprising ways. Johnson will describe selected scientific and practical consequences based on his experience in the developing and studying metallic glasses.

William L. Johnson, the Ruben and Donna Mettler Professor of Materials Science at Caltech, joined the Caltech faculty in 1977. He received his B.A. in physics from Hamilton College and his Ph.D. in applied physics from Caltech. He spent two years at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center (1975-77) prior to joining the faculty at Caltech.
Professor Johnson's research interests are centered on non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems. His research advisor was Pol Duwez, the inventor of metallic glass. In the mid-1980's, he, along with Ricardo Schwarz, discovered solid-state amorphization, leading to many years of fruitful research. His research accomplishments include the first studies of superconductivity in metallic glasses, pioneering studies of crystal to glass transformations (see Progress in Materials Science, 30, 81-134 (1986)) and seminal work on the application of thermodynamics to ion beam induced modifications of materials (Nucl. Instr. & Methods, B7, 657 (1985)).
This work was followed by the synthesis of nanocrystalline and amorphous materials by high energy ball milling, and, in 1993, the discovery of bulk metallic glasses. Professor Johnson has pioneered the discovery, characterization and science of bulk metallic glass forming alloys and their use as engineering materials (see, for example, Applied Phys. Letters, 63, 2342 (1993)). His recent work has involved the development of a theory that establishes fundamental physical principles governing flow in amorphous materials. His research group is continuing to discover new bulk metallic glass forming alloys employing both experimental methods and molecular dynamic simulations to predict potential glass-forming candidates.
The discovery of new glass-forming alloys cascades into a chain of scientific investigations, including the measurement of thermal, mechanical, optical, electrical and viscous properties; fundamental research into the kinetics of crystallization and glass formation, and improving the properties of monolithic bulk metallic glass through the fabricaiton of intrinsically and extrinsically toughened composites.
His research has lead to commercial success, too. He is an inventor on over 25 issued patents. He is a cofounder of Liquidmetal Technologies, in Lake Forrest California, which commercialized one of Professor Johnson's BMG alloys for golf club heads (under the company name "LiquidMetal Golf"). The company is now pursuing opportunities in cases for electronic devices. They are also expanding into the defense industry, as some of the BMG composites have demonstrated properties superior to depleted uranium as high-velocity penetrators.
Professor Johnson served on the editorial board of the Journal of Rapid Solidification, and serves currently as an associate editor for Journal of Applied Physics, and Applied Physics Letters. He is a principal editor of the MRS Journal of Material Science. He is author or co-author of over 230 publications in the scientific literature, and has contributed chapters to seven books. He has held numerous consulting positions for the Department of Energy, NASA, and corporations. Over the past two decades, he has been a consultant and on numerous advisory panels for the U.S. Department of Energy, NASA, the National Science Foundation, and the National Academy of Engineering.

Speaker Website(s):   
http://www.eas.caltech.edu/people/3069/profile

More from this channel